Abstract
A Material Point Method (MPM) formulation for brittle ice–structure interaction is presented, with particular emphasis on pressure-dependent yielding, post-peak instability, and numerical robustness. The governing virtual work equation is discretized within the MPM framework, and a constitutive model combining the St. Venant–Kirchhoff elasticity with the Hencky strain measure and the Drucker–Prager yield criterion is implemented to represent pressure-sensitive sea-ice behavior.
To capture rapid post-peak softening and crack initiation, stress softening and velocity-field discontinuity control strategies are incorporated into the algorithm. The proposed formulation is first assessed through three-point bending simulations, where numerical predictions are compared with experimental measurements for freshwater ice and frozen saline ice, showing accurate reproduction of bending failure modes and post-peak unloading responses.
The method is further applied to ship–ice interaction problems using full-scale icebreaking data as reference, demonstrating good agreement in predicted ice resistance over a range of ship speeds and ice thicknesses. Convergence studies with respect to time step size and particle resolution confirm the numerical stability and reliability of the proposed approach. The results indicate that the developed MPM formulation provides a robust and efficient framework for simulating brittle failure and fragmentation processes in ice–structure interaction problems.
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